Written By: Ujjwal Matoliya
1. Noun
Definition
A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea.
Examples
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Person: Ram, teacher
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Place: School, Delhi
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Thing: Book, pen
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Idea: Love, honesty
2. Pronoun
Definition
A pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun to avoid repetition in a sentence. It makes sentences shorter, clearer, and easier to understand. Instead of repeating the same noun again and again, we replace it with a pronoun.
For example:
Ram is good. Ram is kind. ❌ (Repetition)
Ram is good. He is kind. ✅ (Correct)
Here, He is a pronoun because it replaces the noun Ram.
Similarly:
Sita is happy. She is smiling.
The book is new. It is interesting.
Ram and Sita are friends. They play together.
Pronouns can refer to people, animals, places, or things. Some common pronouns are:
I, you, he, she, it, we, they, him, her, them
Pronouns help in making communication smooth and natural.
3. Verb
Definition
A verb is a word that shows an action or a state of being.
It tells us what the subject does or is.
In every sentence, a verb is very important because without a verb, a sentence is incomplete. A verb connects the subject to the action or condition.
Types of Verbs
I. Action Verb
An action verb shows physical or mental action.
Examples:
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She runs.
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He eats.
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They play.
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I think.
Here, runs, eats, play, and think are action verbs because they show something happening.
II. State (Being) Verb
A state verb shows a condition or state, not action.
Examples:
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I am happy.
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She is tired.
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They are students.
Words like am, is, are, was, were are called helping or being verbs.
Importance of Verb
A sentence must have a verb.
For example:
❌ She happy. (Wrong – no verb)
✅ She is happy. (Correct – verb added)
The verb makes the sentence meaningful.
Verb in Different Tenses
Verbs also show time.
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Present: She runs.
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Past: She ran.
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Future: She will run.
So, verbs change their form according to time.
Diagram
4. Adverb
Definition
An adverb is a word that tells us more about a verb. It gives extra information about how, when, where, how often, or to what extent an action happens. In simple words, an adverb describes a verb.
For example:
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He runs fast.
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She came yesterday.
Here, fast tells us how he runs, and yesterday tells us when she came. So, both words are adverbs.
Types of Adverbs
1️⃣ Adverb of Manner (How?)
It tells us how something happens.
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She sings beautifully.
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He works hard.
2️⃣ Adverb of Time (When?)
It tells us when something happens.
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I will call you tomorrow.
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She came late.
3️⃣ Adverb of Place (Where?)
It tells us where something happens.
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The child is playing outside.
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Come here.
4️⃣ Adverb of Frequency (How often?)
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He always wakes up early.
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She sometimes reads at night.
Position of Adverb
Adverbs are usually placed:
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After the verb → He runs fast.
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At the beginning → Yesterday, she came.
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Before the verb (sometimes) → She always smiles.
Importance of Adverb
Adverbs make sentences more clear and interesting.
Without adverb: He runs.
With adverb: He runs fast.
The second sentence gives more information.
Diagram
5. Tense
Definition
Tense shows the time of an action. It tells us when something happens — in the present, past, or future. The verb changes its form according to time. Without tense, we cannot understand whether the action is happening now, already happened, or will happen later.
For example:
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I eat. (Present)
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I ate. (Past)
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I will eat. (Future)
Here, the verb changes to show time.
🔹 Types of Tense
1️⃣ Present Tense
The present tense shows an action happening now or regularly.
Examples:
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She plays.
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He reads a book.
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I go to school daily.
It is also used for habits and general truths.
Example: The sun rises in the east.
2️⃣ Past Tense
The past tense shows an action that already happened.
Examples:
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She played.
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He read a book yesterday.
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I went to school.
Words like yesterday, last night, ago often indicate past tense.
3️⃣ Future Tense
The future tense shows an action that will happen later.
Examples:
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She will play.
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He will read.
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I will go tomorrow.
Words like tomorrow, next week, soon indicate future tense.
🔹 Importance of Tense
Tense helps us understand the correct time of action.
Example:
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I eat mango. (now)
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I ate mango. (already happened)
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I will eat mango. (later)
Changing tense changes the meaning of the sentence.
Diagram
6. Opposite Words (Antonyms)
📘 Definition
Opposite words are words that have completely different or reverse meanings. They are also called antonyms. Opposite words help us understand contrast and make sentences more clear and meaningful.
For example:
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Big ↔ Small
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Hot ↔ Cold
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Happy ↔ Sad
In each pair, one word shows the opposite meaning of the other.
🔹 Why Opposite Words Are Important
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They improve vocabulary.
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They help in better communication.
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They make sentences more expressive.
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They help children understand contrast easily.
Example:
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The elephant is big, but the mouse is small.
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The water is hot, not cold.
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She feels happy, not sad.
Opposite words make comparison easy.
Types of Opposite Words
1️⃣ Gradable Opposites
These words show opposite ends of a scale.
Example:
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Big ↔ Small
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Tall ↔ Short
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Fast ↔ Slow
There can be something in between (medium, average, etc.).
2️⃣ Complementary Opposites
These words have only two possibilities.
Example:
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Alive ↔ Dead
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True ↔ False
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On ↔ Off
There is no middle condition.
3️⃣ Relational Opposites
These words show opposite relationships.
Example:
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Teacher ↔ Student
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Buy ↔ Sell
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Parent ↔ Child
One word depends on the other.
More Examples
| Word | Opposite |
|---|---|
| Day | Night |
| Old | Young |
| Open | Close |
| Up | Down |
| Rich | Poor |
| Early | Late |
Diagram
